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Mikkelsen TS, Hillier LW, Eichler EE, Zody MC, Jaffe DB, Yang SP, Enard W, Hellmann I, Lindblad-Toh K, Altheide TK, Archidiacono N,
Bork P, Butler J, Chang JL, Cheng Z, Chinwalla AT, deJong P, Delehaunty KD, Fronick CC, Fulton LL, Gilad Y, Glusman G, Gnerre S, Graves TA, Hayakawa T, Hayden KE, Huang X, Ji HK, Kent WJ, King MC, Kulbokas III EJ, Lee MK, Liu G, Lopez-Otin C, Makova KD, Man O, Mardis ER, Mauceli E, Miner TL, Nash WE, Nelson JO, Pääbo S, Patterson NJ, Pohl CS, Pollard KS, Prüfer K, Puente XS, Reich D, Rocchi M, Rosenbloom K, Ruvolo M, Richter DJ, Schaffner SF, Smit AFA, Smith SM,
Suyama M, Taylor J,
Torrents D, Tuzun E, Varki A, Velasco G, Ventura M, Wallis JW, Wendl MC, Wilson RK, Lander ES, Waterston RH
Here we present a draft genome sequence of the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Through comparison with the human genome, we have generated a largely complete catalogue of the genetic differences that have accumulated since the human and chimpanzee species diverged from our common ancestor, constituting approximately thirty-five million single-nucleotide changes, five million insertion/deletion events, and various chromosomal rearrangements. We use this catalogue to explore the magnitude and regional variation of mutational forces shaping these two genomes, and the strength of positive and negative selection acting on their genes. In particular, we find that the patterns of evolution in human and chimpanzee protein-coding genes are highly correlated and dominated by the fixation of neutral and slightly deleterious alleles. We also use the chimpanzee genome as an outgroup to investigate human population genetics and identify signatures of selective sweeps in recent human evolution.
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